Clinical efficacy and long-term immunogenicity of an early triple dose regimen of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in cancer patients

INTRODUCTION@#Three doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have been recommended for cancer patients to reduce the risk of severe disease. Anti-neoplastic treatment, such as chemotherapy, may affect long-term vaccine immunogenicity.@*METHOD@#Patients with solid or haematological cancer were recruited from 2 hospitals between July 2021 and March 2022. Humoral response was evaluated using GenScript cPASS surrogate virus neutralisation assays. Clinical outcomes were obtained from medical records and national mandatory-reporting databases.@*RESULTS@#A total of 273 patients were recruited, with 40 having haematological malignancies and the rest solid tumours. Among the participants, 204 (74.7%) were receiving active cancer therapy, including 98 (35.9%) undergoing systemic chemotherapy and the rest targeted therapy or immunotherapy. All patients were seronegative at baseline. Seroconversion rates after receiving 1, 2 and 3 doses of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination were 35.2%, 79.4% and 92.4%, respectively. After 3 doses, patients on active treatment for haematological malignancies had lower antibodies (57.3%±46.2) when compared to patients on immunotherapy (94.1%±9.56, P<0.05) and chemotherapy (92.8%±18.1, P<0.05). SARS-CoV-2 infection was reported in 77 (28.2%) patients, of which 18 were severe. No patient receiving a third dose within 90 days of the second dose experienced severe infection.@*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrates the benefit of early administration of the third dose among cancer patients.

Toxicidad a dosis repetida e inmunogenicidad en Cercopithecus aethiops, del candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01) contra el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo / Repeated dose toxicity and immunogenicity in Cercopithecus aethiops of SARS-CoV-2 SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01) vaccine candidate

En el Instituto Finlay de Vacunas se desarrolló el candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01) contra el coronavirus de tipo 2 causante del síndrome respiratorio agudo severo. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la inmunogenicidad y posibles efectos toxicológicos del candidato vacunal SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01 en Cercopithecus aethiops. Se utilizaron cinco primates no humanos (hembras), de 1-3 años de edad y 1-4 kg de peso corporal, distribuidos en dos grupos experimentales: Control (Solución Salina Fisiológica) y Tratado SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01). El estudio se extendió por 84 días, en un esquema a dosis repetida de cuatro inmunizaciones los días 0, 28, 56 y 70. Se realizaron observaciones clínicas diarias, peso corporal, signos vitales (temperatura rectal, frecuencia respiratoria, y frecuencia cardíaca), exámenes electrocardiográficos, toma de la temperatura del sitio de inyección, musculometría e irritabilidad dérmica. Fueron realizados exámenes de hematología, bioquímica sanguínea, así como estudios inmunológicos. El ensayo concluyó con una supervivencia del 100por ciento, no se manifestaron signos de toxicidad, no hubo variaciones hematológicas, ni de la bioquímica sanguínea asociadas a la sustancia de ensayo. Además, no se observaron efectos locales en el sitio de administración. Por último, el candidato vacunal resultó inmunogénico, ya que se indujeron títulos altos de IgG anti-RBD, así como de la inhibición de la unión de RBD a ACE2(AU)

At Finlay Vaccine Institute has been developed the vaccine candidate SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01) against SARS-CoV-2 virus, causing COVID-19. This work aims to evaluate the immunogenicity and possible toxicological effects of the SOBERANA 01 (FINLAY-FR-01) vaccine candidate in Cercopithecus aethiops. Five non-human primates (females) from 1-3 years old and 1-4 kg of body weight were distributed in two experimental groups: Control (Physiological Saline Solution) and Treated (SOBERANA 01 FINLAY-FR-01). The study extended through 84 days, in a repeated dose schedule of four immunizations on days 0, 28, 56, and 70. Daily clinical observations, body weight, vital signs (rectal temperature, respiratory rate, and heart rate), electrocardiographic examinations, temperature of the injection site, musculometry and dermic irritability, were performed. Hematological and blood biochemistry tests, as well as immunological studies were assessed. At the end of the assay 100percent survival was obtained, there were no signs of toxicity neither hematological or blood biochemistry variations associated with the test substance. In addition, no local effects were observed at the administration site. Finally, the vaccine candidate was immunogenic, since high titers of anti-RBD IgG, as well as inhibition of the RBD to ACE2 binding were induced(AU)

Clonamiento, expresión y seroreactividad de la proteína recombinante de ensamblaje de lipopolisacáridos - D (LptD) de Bartonella bacilliformis / Cloning, expression and seroreactivity of the recombinant lipopolysaccharide assembly protein - D (LptD) from Bartonella bacilliformis

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar in silico y a nivel serológico el potencial antigénico del dominio extracelular recombinante de la proteína de ensamblaje de lipopolisacáridos - D (LptD) de Bartonella bacilliformis (dexr_LptD). Materiales y métodos. Mediante el análisis in silico se realizó la selección de una proteína de B. bacilliformis con potencial antigénico e inmunogénico. El gen de la proteína seleccionada se clonó en Escherichia coli TOP10 y se expresó en Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. La proteína recombinante fue expresada usando isopropil-β-D-1-tiogalactopiranósido (IPTG) y se optimizaron las condiciones de inducción. Por último, se purificó con resina Ni-IDA (His60 Ni Superflow) y se realizó un ensayo de Western Blot. Resultados. In silico, la proteína seleccionada fue LptD por estar localizada en la membrana externa y ser antigénica e inmunogénica. Las condiciones optimizadas para la inducción del dexr_LptD fueron 0,5 mM IPTG, 16 h, medio TB (Terrific Broth), etanol al 3% (v/v), 28 ºC, OD600: 1-1,5 y 200 r.p.m. La purificación se realizó en condiciones denaturantes a pequeña escala y se obtuvo 2,6 µg/mL de dexr_LptD parcialmente purificada. El ensayo de Western Blot mostró una reacción positiva entre los sueros provenientes de pacientes con la enfermedad de Carrión y dexr_LptD, ello evidencia la antigenicidad del dexr_LptD. Conclusiones. El dexr_LptD muestra antigenicidad in silico y a nivel serológico, estos resultados son base para posteriores estudios sobre candidatos vacunales contra la enfermedad de Carrión.

ABSTRACT Objective. To evaluate in silico and at the serological level the antigenic potential of the recombinant extracellular domain of the lipopolysaccharide assembly protein - D (LptD) of Bartonella bacilliformis (dexr_LptD). Materials and Methods. Through in silico analysis, we selected a B. bacilliformis protein with antigenic and immunogenic potential. The selected protein gene was cloned into Escherichia coli TOP10 and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS. Recombinant protein was expressed using isopropyl-β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) and induction conditions were optimized. Finally, it was purified with Ni-IDA resin (His60 Ni Superflow) and a Western Blot assay was conducted. Results. In silico, the selected protein was LptD because it is located in the outer membrane and is antigenic and immunogenic. Optimized conditions for dexr_LptD induction were 0.5 mM IPTG, 16 hours, TB (Terrific Broth) medium, 3% (v/v) ethanol, 28 ºC, OD600: 1-1.5 and 200 rpm. Purification was carried out under denaturating conditions on a small scale and we obtained 2.6 μg/mL of partially purified dexr_LptD. The Western Blot assay showed a positive reaction between the sera from patients with Carrión's Disease and dexr_LptD, which shows the antigenicity of dexr_LptD. Conclusions. The dexr_LptD shows antigenicity both in silico and at the serological level, these results are the basis for further studies on vaccine candidates against Carrion's Disease.

Early assessment of the safety and immunogenicity of a third dose (booster) of COVID-19 immunization in Chinese adults / 医学前沿

Inducing durable and effective immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via vaccination is essential to combat the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has been noticed that the strength of anti-COVID-19 vaccination-induced immunity fades over time, which calls for an additional vaccination regime, as known as booster immunization, to restore immunity among previously vaccinated populations. Here we report a pilot open-label trial of a third dose of BBIBP-CorV, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero cell), on 136 participants aged between 18 to 63 years. Safety and immunogenicity in terms of neutralizing antibody titers and cytokine/chemokine responses were analyzed as the main endpoint until day 28. While systemic reactogenicity was either absent or mild, SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titers rapidly arose in all participants within 4 weeks, surpassing the peak antibody titers elicited by the initial two-dose immunization regime. Broad increases of cellular immunity-associated cytokines and chemokines were also detected in the majority of participants after the third vaccination. Furthermore, in an exploratory study, a newly developed recombinant protein vaccine, NVSI-06-08 (CHO Cells), was found to be safe and even more effective than BBIBP-CorV in eliciting humoral immune responses in BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals. Together, these results indicate that a third immunization schedule with either homologous or heterologous vaccine showed favorable safety profiles and restored potent SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity, providing support for further trials of booster vaccination in larger populations.

Evaluation of safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine in maintenance hemodialysis patients / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis E vaccine(HEV)in Maintenance hemodialysis(MHD)patients. Methods: Based on an open-labeled controlled trial, from May 2016 to March 2018, 35 eligible MHD patients were recruited in the Hemodialysis Center of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University as the experimental group, and 70 MHD patients with matched age, gender and underlying diseases as the control group. The experimental group received HEV at 0, 1 and 6 months according to the standard vaccination procedures, while the control group received routine diagnosis and treatment without vaccine and placebo injection to observe the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. The safety of vaccine in MHD population was evaluated by the incidence of adverse reactions/events in the experimental and control groups. The immunogenicity of HEV in MHD patients was evaluated by comparing the data from the phase Ⅲ clinical trial. Results: The overall incidence of adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (18/105), and there were no grade 3-4 adverse reactions/events related to vaccination. In the experimental group, the incidence of local adverse reactions/events was 20.0% (7/35), and the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events was 17.1% (6/35).There was no significant difference in the incidence of systemic adverse reactions/events between the experimental group and the control group (P>0.05). There were 23 patients receiving 3 doses with the standard schedule. The positive rate of HEV-IgG antibody was 100% and the GMC was 14.47(95%CI:13.14-15.80) WU/ml, which showed no significant difference compared with the 46 patients in Phase Ⅲ clinical trial (t=-1.04, P>0.05). Conclusion: Recombinant HEV has good safety and immunogenicity in MHD patients.

Seguridad de las vacunas contra la COVID-19 / COVID-19 vaccine safety

RESUMEN El desarrollo y producción de vacunas seguras y eficaces contra la enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) ofrece la esperanza para el control de la pandemia actual. Los eventos adversos posteriores a la inmunización son respuestas indeseadas o acontecimientos involuntarios que siguen a la vacunación, y que deben ser cuidadosamente vigilados, ya que todas las vacunas, incluyendo las desarrolladas contra el SARS-CoV-2, requieren cumplir con los criterios de seguridad para su administración en humanos. Se recopiló la información de la base de datos de PubMed/Medline durante los meses de agosto de 2020 a noviembre de 2021. La mayoría de los eventos adversos identificados en los ensayos clínicos fueron leves o moderados; sin embargo, se identificaron eventos trombóticos asociados a algunas vacunas basadas en vectores virales contra la COVID-19 en estudios de seguimiento, aunque se requiere la conclusión de los distintos estudios en curso y vigilancia poscomercialización para determinar todos los posibles eventos adversos y de especial interés.

ABSTRACT The development and production of safe and effective vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) provides hope for controlling the current pandemic. Adverse events following immunization are unwanted responses or unintended events that must be carefully monitored, as all vaccines, including those developed against SARS-CoV-2, are required to meet safety criteria for administration in humans. Information was collected from the PubMed/Medline database during the months of August 2020 to November 2021. Most adverse events reported in clinical trials were mild or moderate; however, thrombotic events associated with some viral vector-based vaccines against COVID-19 were identified in follow-up studies, although completion of the various ongoing studies and post-marketing surveillance is required to determine all potential adverse events, as well as those of special interest.

Immunogenicity of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi recombinant SeM protein and bacterin in mice / Imunogenicidade da proteína recombinante SeM de Streptococcus equi subsp. equi e da bacterina em camundongos

The infection caused by Streptococcus equi, known as strangles, affects the respiratory system of horses, causing high morbidity and rapid spread among the herd. Bacterin vaccines, composed of inactivated whole cells of S. equi, have variable efficacy and duration. Infected animals produce specific antibodies against SeM, the immunodominant antigen of S. equi. This makes it a promising target for vaccine development. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate a vaccine combining S. equi bacterin and recombinant SeM protein. Mice were vaccinated with bacterin (S. equi ~1.2 × 108CFU/ml); rSeM protein (20μg); bacterin-rSeM combination; or PBS (Control Group) and challenged with a suspension of S. equi, containing 10 × LD50. All vaccinated mice survived the challenge and produced anti-rSeM and anti-S. equi antibodies, which were assessed by indirect ELISA. The Control Group reached endpoint criteria 96 h after infection. These results demonstrate that a vaccine combining the S. equi bacterin with rSeM protein protects mice against strangles. This combination vaccine could potentially protect horses and overcome the limitations of currently available strangle vaccines.(AU)

A infecção causada por Streptococcus equi, denominada adenite, atinge o sistema respiratório de equinos, causando alta morbidade e rápida disseminação entre o rebanho. Vacinas bacterinas, compostas de células inteiras inativadas de S. equi apresentam eficácia e duração variáveis. Animais infectados apresentam anticorpos específicos à proteína SeM, antígeno imunodominante de S. equi, o que a torna um alvo promissor para o desenvolvimento de vacinas. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar uma vacina baseada na administração simultânea da bacterina e da proteína SeM recombinante. Camundongos foram vacinados com a bacterina (S. equi ~1.2 × 108CFU/ml); a proteína rSeM (20μg); a bacterina e rSeM simultaneamente; ou PBS (Grupo Controle) e, posteriormente, foram desafiados com uma suspensão de S. equi contendo 10 × LD50. Todos os animais vacinados apresentaram anticorpos anti-rSeM e contra S. equi, avaliados através de ELISA indireto, e mantiveram-se e sobreviveram ao desafio letal. O Grupo Controle atingiu critérios de endpoint 96 h após a infecção. Estes resultados demonstram que uma vacina constituída de células inteiras de S. equi com rSeM protege camundongos contra adenite, sugerindo a capacidade de proteção a equinos e, possivelmente, superando as limitações das vacinas contra adenite atualmente disponíveis.(AU)

Análisis de inmunogenicidad y perfil de seguridad de vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2 en ensayos clínicos de fase I/II / Immunogenicity and safety profile analysis of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in phase I/II clinical trials

The development of an effective vaccine against SARSCoV-2 has turned into a global priority in order to stop the advance of this ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. To date there are 25 candidate vaccines currently in a clinical trial stage, 3 of which have been subjected to phase I/II preliminary reports (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b1 and mRNA-1273). These vaccines have demonstrated to elicit robust cellular and humoral immune responses when compared to convalescent patients serum samples and have shown an acceptable safety profile with no reported severe side effects. Here we discuss the reported evidence regarding these vaccines.

Meta-analysis of brucellosis vaccinology in natural hosts / Meta-análise da vacinologia de brucelose em hospedeiros naturais

Brucellosis is a relevant zoonotic disease for which the most important tool for control is vaccination of susceptible animals. Assessment of vaccine efficacy in natural hosts is based on prevention of abortion and Brucella infection in organs of immunized animals. A meta-analysis of experimental vaccination of Brucella spp. natural hosts was performed, including 45 PubMed and/or Scopus-indexed publications, representing 116 individual experiments. Difference of risk was calculated as an indicator of protection, and a temporal analysis (1980-2016) demonstrated that experimental vaccines tested on natural hosts provided levels of protection that were stable over the past decades. The meta-regression model developed in this study included different vaccine categories (attenuated, inactivated, mutant, subunit, and vectored) considering the difference of risk as the dependent variable. The subcutaneous route of vaccination provided better protection when compared to the intramuscular and oral routes of vaccination. Surprisingly, inactivated vaccines provided better protection than live naturally attenuated vaccine strains (spontaneous mutations) that were considered the reference, whereas subunit vaccines provided lower levels of protection. This is the first meta-analysis of Brucella vaccinology in the natural hosts. These results are useful for the development of new vaccination protocols for controlling animal brucellosis.(AU)

Brucelose é uma doença zoonótica relevante, para a qual a vacinação de animais susceptíveis é a ferramenta mais importante de controle. Avaliação da eficácia vacinal em hospedeiros naturais é baseada na prevenção de aborto e da colonização de órgãos pela Brucella spp. em animais imunizados. Foi realizada meta-análise de estudos de vacinação experimental de Brucella spp. em hospedeiros naturais, incluindo 45 publicações indexadas pela PubMed e/ou Scopus, representando 116 experimentos individuais. Diferença de risco foi calculada como indicador de proteção e uma análise temporal (1980-2016) demonstrou que vacinas experimentais testadas em hospedeiros naturais promoveram níveis de proteção que foram estáveis ao longo das últimas décadas. O modelo de meta-regressão desenvolvido neste estudo incluiu diferentes categorias de vacinas (atenuada, inativada, mutante, subunidade e vetorial) considerando a diferença de risco como variável dependente. A via de vacinação subcutânea promoveu melhor proteção quando comparada às vias intramuscular e oral. Surpreendentemente, vacinas inativadas promoveram melhor proteção que vacinas vivas atenuadas (com mutações espontâneas) que foram consideradas como referência, enquanto vacinas de subunidades promoveram menor proteção. Este é o primeiro estudo de meta-análise da vacinologia de Brucella em hospedeiros naturais. Estes resultados são úteis para o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos vacinais para controle de brucelose animal.(AU)

Biopanning the mimotopes of aflatoxin B1 and their immunogenicity / Panning de mimotopo aflatoxina B1 e sua imunogenicidade

Utilizando um anticorpo monoclonal contra a aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) como ligante, foi identificado um mimotopo específico de aflatoxina B1 após se realizarem quatro ciclos de seleção biológica de 7-peptídeos aleatórios em biblioteca de fago exibida. O mimotopo é denominado P10, e sua sequência de aminoácidos é YRRHEKD. O soro imunológico de ratos Balb/c imunizados com P10 foi especificamente ligado à aflatoxina B1-albumina, indicando que o anticorpo era específico ao AFB1. Esses resultados sugerem que é possível desenvolver a vacina baseada em mimotopo associado à toxina.(AU)

COVID-19: fases de desarrollo de una vacuna / COVID-19: stages of vaccine development

Los diferentes estudios de investigación tienen como prioridad la seguridad de uso de una vacuna y en seguida su eficacia. Los estudios son realizados en fases: fase preclínica y fases I, II, III, y IV

Ensayo de inmunogenicidad y toxicidad aguda del candidato vacunal contra el cólera vax-COLER® / Immunogenicity and acute toxicity assay of the vaccine candidate against cholera vax-COLER®

Para el control y prevención del cólera humano se han llevado a cabo diferentes estrategias, entre las cuales, la vacunación es una de las medidas más eficaces. La evaluación preclínica de candidatos vacunales requiere de la demostración de la seguridad de los mismos, para lo cual los estudios toxicológicos son determinantes, al ser obligatorios y altamente regulados. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo demostrar la relevancia de las ratas Sprague Dawley como biomodelo a través de su respuesta inmunológica al candidato vacunal contra el cólera, vax-COLER®, utilizando la técnica de determinación de anticuerpos vibriocidas. Además, evaluar los efectos toxicológicos locales y sistémicos por la administración de una dosis de vax-COLER® a través de la evaluación de síntomas, del consumo de agua y alimentos, el peso corporal y estudios anatomopatológicos. La vacuna vax-COLER® resultó inmunogénica y no evidenció síntomas ni muertes, no hubo cambios en el peso corporal y los consumos de agua y alimentos se comportaron de forma similar entre todos los grupos. Los estudios anatomopatológicos solo mostraron cambios a nivel histológico en los ganglios linfáticos mesentéricos y placas de Peyer de los animales vacunados, con presencia de hiperplasia de los folículos secundarios subcapsulares, hallazgo que difirió significativamente con el resto de los grupos. Se concluye que la vacuna vax-COLER® es inmunogénica en ratas Sprague Dawley, demostrando la relevancia del biomodelo para la evaluación de la seguridad preclínica y que la aplicación de una dosis no produjo efectos tóxicos agudos generales ni locales(AU)

Different strategies have been carried out for the control and prevention of human cholera. Vaccination is one of the most effective strategies. Preclinical evaluation of vaccines needs to prove their safety; whereby toxicological studies are decisive. They are mandatory and highly regulated. This study was aimed to demonstrate the relevance of Sprague Dawley rats as a biomodel, through the immunological response to vax-COLER® cholera vaccine, using the technique of determination of vibriocidal antibodies. In addition, local and systemic toxicological effects were evaluated after administration of a dose of vax-COLER®; through the evaluation of symptoms, water and food consumption, body weight and anatomopathological studies. The vax-COLER® vaccine was immunogenic and showed no symptoms or deaths. No changes in body weight were detected, and food and water consumption were similar among all groups. The anatomopathological studies showed histological changes in the mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches of the vaccinated animals, with hyperplasia of the subcapsular secondary follicles, finding that differed significantly from the rest of the groups. It is concluded that vax-COLER® vaccine is immunogenic in Sprague-Dawley rats, demonstrating the relevance of the biomodel for the evaluation of preclinical safety, as well as that the application of a single dose did not produce acute general or local toxic effects(AU)

Comparson of the immunogenicity of genotypeⅠJapanese encephalitis virus subunit vaccine candidate antigens / 生物工程学报

To screen the best genotypeⅠJapanese encephalitis virus subunit vaccine candidate antigens, the prMEIII gene, the polytope gene and the prMEIII-polytope fusion gene of the GenotypeⅠJapanese encephalitis virus GS strain were cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pET-30a. The recombinant proteins were obtained after the induction and purification. The prepared recombinant proteins were immunized to mice, and the immunogenicity of the subunit vaccine candidate antigens was evaluated through monitoring the humoral immune response by ELISA, detecting the neutralizing antibody titer by plaque reduction neutralization test, and testing the cell-mediated immune response by lymphocyte proliferation assay and cytokine profiling. The recombinant proteins with the molecular weights of 35 (prMEIII), 28 (polytope antigen) and 57 kDa (prMEIII-polytope) induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice. Compared with prMEIII-polytope and polytope proteins, the prMEIII protein induced a significant expression of IL-2 and IFN-γ (P0.05). The study suggests that the prMEIII protein can be used for the development of the Japanese encephalitis virus subunit vaccine.

Vacunas para la COVID-19: evidencia sobre seguridad, inmunogenicidad y eficacia. Síntesis rápida / Vaccines for COVID-19: security, immunogenicity, and efficacy evidence. Rapid living synthesis

El fuerte impacto de la enfermedad COVID-19 en la salud, las relaciones sociales y la economía del orbe, presiona el desarrollo de una vacuna efectiva y segura. Sin embargo, la urgencia y premura en el desarrollo de los ensayos clínicos, la reducción ostensible del tiempo de estudio de las vacunas candidatas, el cual ha pasado de casi 10 años a 12-18 meses, hace emerger cuestionamientos sobre la eficacia y seguridad de la(s) vacuna(s) que salgan al mercado. La evidencia que se presenta proviene de los reportes de 15 ensayos clínicos fases I, II o combinada (I/II) y 17 recursos web que han hecho seguimiento al desarrollo de vacunas. Los recursos web son fundamentalmente documentos o páginas de monitoreo y reporte de los ensayos clínicos de las vacunas, y noticias importantes asociadas a estas. La evidencia disponible sobre el desarrollo de las vacunas para COVID-19 es aún limitada dado que los resultados de los estudios fase III provienen de comunicados de prensa preliminares. Doce vacunas se encuentran en fase III de desarrollo. Dos vacunas están basadas en ARN (Moderna/NIAID y Pfizer/BioNTech), cuatro usan vectores no replicativos tipo adenovirus (AstraZeneca/Oxford, Cansino, Gamaleya, Johnson & Johnson), cuatro utilizan el virus inactivado (Sinovac, Sinopharm- Wuhan, Sinopharm-Beijing, Bharat Biotech), una utiliza una unidad proteica recombinante asociada a una matriz adyuvante (Novavax), y una última es la vacuna BCG estudiada para valorar su efectividad sobre la infección COVID-19 en dos ensayos clínicos.

Ocorrência de eventos adversos após o uso da vacina adsorvida difteria, tétano e pertussis (acelular) - dTpa -, São Paulo, SP, 2015-2016 / Aparecimiento de eventos adversos después del uso de la vacuna adsorbida difteria, tétanos y tosferina (acelular) - dTpa -, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, 2015-2016 / Adverse event occurrence following use of tetanus, diphtheria and acellular pertussis adsorbed vaccine - Tdap -, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 2015-2016

Objetivo: descrever a ocorrência de eventos adversos pós-vacinação (EAPV) com a vacina dTpa durante a gestação. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados de relatos das participantes de estudo de efetividade e imunogenicidade realizado em dois hospitais de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, entre 2015 e 2016. Resultados: das 201 mães incluídas no estudo, 48 (23,9%) apresentaram pelo menos um EAPV; foram identificados 60 sintomas relacionados ao uso da dTpa - dor (22,4%), inchaço (2,5%), febre (1,5%), sono (1,0%), vermelhidão (0,5%), vômito (0,5%), dor de cabeça (0,5%), reação local (0,5%) e cansaço (0,5%); não foram registrados eventos adversos raros, muito raros ou extremamente raros; todos os eventos foram considerados esperados e estão descritos em bula; todos tiveram desfecho para cura sem sequelas. Conclusão: a dTpa, na forma adotada pelo Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI), é segura; não foram identificados eventos adversos inesperados entre as gestantes imunizadas com a vacina.

Objetivo: describir el aparecimiento de eventos adversos posvacunación (EAPV) con la vacuna dTpa durante el embarazo. Métodos: estudio descriptivo con datos de relatos de las participantes del estudio de efectividad e inmunogenicidad realizado en dos hospitales de São Paulo, SP, Brasil, entre 2015 y 2106. Resultados: de las 201 madres del estudio, 48 (23,9%) tuvieron al menos un EAPV; se identificaron 60 síntomas relacionados al uso de dTpa - dolor (22.4%), hinchazón (2.5%), fiebre (1.5%), somnolencia (1.0%), enrojecimiento (0.5%), vómitos (0.5 %), dolor de cabeza (0.5%), reacción local (0.5%) y cansancio (0.5%) -; no se informaron eventos adversos raros, muy raros o extremadamente raros; todos los eventos se consideraron esperados y se describen en el prospecto; todos tuvieron resultados curativos sin secuelas. Conclusión: el estudio mostró que la vacuna dTpa utilizada por el Programa Nacional de Inmunización (PNI) es segura y no se identificaron eventos adversos inesperados entre las mujeres embarazadas vacunadas.

Objective: to describe occurrence of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) with Tdap vaccine during pregnancy. Methods: this was a descriptive study using data from reports by participants in an effectiveness and immunogenicity study conducted in two hospitals in São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2015 to 2016. Results: of the 201 mothers included in the study, 48 (23.9%) had at least one AEFI; 60 symptoms related to Tdap use were identified - pain (22.4%), swelling (2.5%), fever (1.5%), somnolence (1.0%), redness (0.5%), vomiting (0.5%), headache (0.5%), local reaction (0.5%), and fatigue (0.5%); no rare, very rare, or extremely rare adverse events were reported; all events were considered to be expected, as they are described in the vaccine package insert; outcome of all events was recovery without sequelae. Conclusion: Tdap vaccine in the form adopted by the National Immunization Program is safe; no unexpected adverse events were identified among vaccinated pregnant women.

Avances en el desarrollo de una vacuna efectiva contra Cryptosporidium parvum: una revisión de la literatura / Advances in the development of an effective vaccine against Cryptosporidium parvum: An review of the literature / Avanços no desenvolvimento de uma vacina eficaz contra Cryptosporidium parvum: uma revisão da literatura

Introducción. Cryptosporidium parvum es un parásito zoonótico altamente prevalente, asociado a enfermedad diarreica en población inmunocomprometida, niños y terneros menores de 30 días. Esta infección puede ocasionar deshidratación, alteración del estado de conciencia, retraso en el desarrollo global y, en algunos casos, la muerte del paciente. A pesar de la alta prevalencia de C. parvum, no existen medicamentos completamente efectivos ni una vacuna aprobada para prevenir dicha enfermedad. Objetivo. Realizar una revisión de la literatura sobre candidatos vacunales contra C. parvum. Método. Revisión documental mediante la búsqueda de la literatura de los últimos 20 años, disponible en las bases de datos PubMed central, WEB OF SCIENCE, Embase, REDALYC y LILACS. Resultados. Las vacunas atenuadas, recombinantes, basadas en ADN, expresadas en vectores bacterianos y sintéticas han mostrado resultados prometedores en la inducción de inmunogenicidad contra los antígenos de C. parvum, siendo el antígeno de superficie de 15 kilodaltons de Cryptosporidium parvum (cp15), el antígeno inductor de una mejor respuesta inmune celular y humoral en el modelo murino estudiado. Conclusión. Se espera que la incorporación de nuevas técnicas para la selección de antígenos promisorios y la ejecución de una gran cantidad de ensayos in vivo, favorezcan el desarrollo de una vacuna totalmente efectiva contra C. parvum. Aunque el camino para lograr este objetivo será largo y difícil, se convierte en la mejor alternativa para controlar una de las enfermedades de interés en salud pública, con mayor impacto en la población inmunocomprometida.

Introduction. Cryptosporidium parvum is a highly prevalent zoonotic parasite, associated with diarrheal disease in immunocompromised population, children and calves under 30 days. This infection is associa- ted to dehydration, delayed global development and, in some cases, the death of the patient. Despite the high prevalence of C. parvum, there are no fully effective medications and an approved vaccine to prevent such disease. Objective. To conduct a thorough review of the literature on vaccine candidates against C. parvum. Method Documentary review by searching the literature of the last 20 years, available in the central PubMed, WEB OF SCIENCE, Embase, REDALYC and LILACS databases. Results. Attenuated, recombinant, DNA-based, expressed in bacterial vectors and synthetic vaccines have shown promising results in inducing immunogenicity against C. parvum, being the Cryptospori- dium parvum 15 kiloDalton surface antigen (cp15), the antigen inducer of a better cellular and humoral immune response in the murine model studied. Conclusion. It is expected that the incorporation of new techniques for the selection of promising antigens and the execution of a large number of in vivo assays will favor the development of a fully effective vaccine against C. parvum. Although the way to achieve this goal will be long and difficult, it will become the best alternative to control one of the diseases with the greatest impact on the immu- nocompromised population.

Introdução. O Cryptosporidium parvum é um parasita zoonótico de alta prevalência associado à doença diarreica em populações imunocomprometidas, crianças e bezerros com menos de 30 dias. Essa infecção pode causar desidratação, alteração do estado de consciência, atraso no desenvolvi- mento global e, em alguns casos, a morte do paciente. Apesar da alta prevalência de C. parvum, não existem medicamentos totalmente eficazes e uma vacina aprovada para prevenir a doença. Objetivo. Realizar uma revisão literária dos candidatos à vacina contra C. parvum. Método. Revisão documental, mediante pesquisa da literatura dos últimos 20 anos, disponível nas bases de dados PubMed central, WEB OF SCIENCE, Embase, REDALYC e LILACS. Resultados. Vacinas atenuadas, recombinantes e baseadas em DNA, expressas em vetores bacteria- nos e sintéticos, mostraram resultados promissores na indução de imunogenicidade contra antígenos de C. parvum, sendo o antígeno de superfície de 15 kilodaltons de Cryptosporidium parvum (cp15) o antígeno indutor de uma melhor resposta imune celular e humoral no modelo murino estudado. Conclusão. Se espera que a incorporação de novas técnicas para a seleção de antígenos promissores e a execução de um grande número de ensaios in vivo favoreçam o desenvolvimento de uma vacina totalmente eficaz contra C. parvum. Embora o caminho para alcançar este objetivo seja longo e difícil, torna-se a melhor alternativa para controlar uma das doenças de interesse na saúde pública com maior impacto na população imunocomprometida.

Avances en el desarrollo de una vacuna contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum: una revisión de literatura / Advances in the development of vaccine against malaria by Plasmodium falciparum: a literature review / Avanços no desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a Malária por Plasmodium falciparum: Uma revisão da literatura

Introducción. La malaria por Plasmodium falciparum es una enfermedad causante de altas tasas de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial. Diferentes candidatos a vacuna se han evaluado experimentalmente en humanos; sin embargo, no se dispone de ninguna vacuna que reduzca o elimine esta devastadora enfermedad. Objetivo. Describir en términos de diseño, respuesta inmune, eficacia protectiva y perspectivas, los principales candidatos vigentes a vacuna contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum, dirigidos a las fases pre-eritrocítica y eritrocítica. Metodología. Se realizó una revisión descriptiva de trabajos publicados en bases de datos PubMed, Science Direct, Embase y MedLine. Los criterios de inclusión fueron: trabajos publicados en una ventana de tiempo entre 2000 y 2019, candidatos a vacuna contra Plasmodium falciparum en estadíos pre y eritrocíticos y vigencia según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. En total, se revisaron 90 artículos originales, encontrando que 63 cumplieron con todos los criterios establecidos, mientras que 27, no cumplieron por lo menos con un criterio. Resultados. Los candidatos a vacunas vigentes incluyen diseños basados en parásitos atenuados, proteínas recombinantes, vectores virales y síntesis química. Las formulaciones contienen un número mínimo de antígenos con secuencias de aminoácidos altamente polimórficas, que inducen un aceptable perfil de inmunogenicidad, aunque una limitada eficacia protectora contra la malaria, debido a que tales regiones polimórficas son inmunodominantes, confiriendo únicamente inmunidad específica de cepa. Conclusiones. El desarrollo de una vacuna efectiva contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum posiblemente requiera incluir múltiples epítopes funcionalmente relevantes, del estadío pre y eritrocítico, que contengan regiones conservadas entre cepas, para lograr inducir respuestas inmunes duraderas que bloqueen la invasión del parásito a células hepáticas y eritrocitos.

Introduction. Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a disease that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Different vaccine candidates have been evaluated experimentally in humans; however, there is no vaccine available that reduces or eliminates this devastating disease. Objective. Describe in terms of design, immune response, protective efficacy and perspectives, the main current candidates for Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine aimed at the pre-erythrocytic and erythrocyte phases. Methodology. A descriptive review of works published in PubMed, Science Direct, Embase and MedLine databases was carried out. The inclusion criteria were: papers published in a time window between 2000 and 2019, candidates for vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum in pre and erythrocyte stages and validity according to the World Health Organization. In total, 90 original articles were reviewed, finding that 63 met all the established criteria, while Introduction. Plasmodium falciparum malaria is a disease that causes high rates of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Different vaccine candidates have been evaluated experimentally in humans; however, there is no vaccine available that reduces or eliminates this devastating disease. Objective. Describe in terms of design, immune response, protective efficacy and perspectives, the main current candidates for Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine aimed at the pre-erythrocytic and erythrocyte phases. Methodology. A descriptive review of works published in PubMed, Science Direct, Embase and MedLine databases was carried out. The inclusion criteria were: papers published in a time window between 2000 and 2019, candidates for vaccine against Plasmodium falciparum in pre and erythrocyte stages and validity according to the World Health Organization. In total, 90 original articles were reviewed, finding that 63 met all the established criteria, while 27 did not meet at least one criterion. Results. Applicants for current vaccines include designs based on attenuated parasites, recombinant proteins, viral vectors and chemical synthesis. The formulations include a minimum number of an- tigens with highly polymorphic amino acid sequences, which induce an acceptable immunogenicity profile, although a limited protective efficacy against malaria. Conclusion. The development of an effective vaccine against malaria by Plasmodium falciparum may require the inclusion of multiple functionally relevant epitopes, from the pre and erythrocyte stage, which do not contain polymorphic regions, in order to induce lasting immune responses that block the invasion of the parasite to hepatic and erythrocyte target cells.27 did not meet at least one criterion. Results. Applicants for current vaccines include designs based on attenuated parasites, recombinant proteins, viral vectors and chemical synthesis. The formulations include a minimum number of an- tigens with highly polymorphic amino acid sequences, which induce an acceptable immunogenicity profile, although a limited protective efficacy against malaria. Conclusion. The development of an effective vaccine against malaria by Plasmodium falciparum may require the inclusion of multiple functionally relevant epitopes, from the pre and erythrocyte stage, which do not contain polymorphic regions, in order to induce lasting immune responses that block the invasion of the parasite to hepatic and erythrocyte target cells.

Introdução. A malária por Plasmodium falciparum é uma doença que causa altas taxas de morbimortalidade em todo o mundo. Diferentes candidatos à vacina foram avaliados experimentalmente em humanos; no entanto, nenhuma vacina está disponível para reduzir ou eliminar esta doença devastadora. Objetivo. Descrever em termos de projeção, resposta imune, eficácia protetora e perspectivas, os principais candidatos atuais à vacina contra a malária por Plasmodium falciparum, visando às fases pré-eritrocítica e eritrocítica. Metodologia. Foi realizada uma revisão descritiva dos trabalhos publicados nas bases de dados PubMed, Science Direct, Embase e MedLine. Os critérios de inclusão foram: trabalhos publicados em uma janela temporal entre 2000 e 2019, candidatos à vacina contra Plasmodium falciparum nos estágios pré e eritrocitários e validade de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde. No total, foram revisados 90 artigos originais, constatando que 63 atendiam a todos os critérios estabelecidos, enquanto 27 não atendiam pelo menos um critério. Resultados. Os candidatos atuais à vacina incluem projeções baseadas em parasitas atenuados, pro- teínas recombinantes, vetores virais e síntese química. As formulações contêm um número mínimo de antígenos com sequências de aminoácidos altamente polimórficas, que induzem um perfil de imu- nogenicidade aceitável, embora com eficácia protetora limitada contra a malária, uma vez que essas regiões polimórficas são imunodominantes, conferindo apenas imunidade específica à cepa. Conclusão. O desenvolvimento de uma vacina eficaz contra a malária por Plasmodium falciparum pode exigir a inclusão de vários epítopos funcionalmente relevantes, do estágio pré e eritrocítico, contendo regiões conservadas entre as cepas, a fim de induzir respostas imunes duradouras que permitam bloquear a invasão do parasita nas células hepáticas e eritrócitos.

Revisión de estudios pre-clínicos de candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria causada por Plasmodium falciparum / Review of preclinical studies of candidates for malaria vaccine caused by Plasmodium falciparum / Revisão de estudos pré-clínicos de candidatos á vacina contra a malária causados por Plasmodium falciparum

Introducción. La malaria es una enfermedad que causa aproximadamente 400.000 muertes al año, especialmente en niños menores de 5 años; la búsqueda de una vacuna eficaz y segura sigue siendo un reto para los investigadores, sin embargo, antes de iniciar los estudios de fase clínica, los ensayos preclínicos en modelo animal deben brindar resultados de seguridad e inmunogenicidad que lleven a respuestas eficaces de protección. Objetivo. Revisar las principales características de la respuesta inmunológica y eficacia en estudios pre-clínicos de candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria por Plasmodium falciparum. Métodos. Revisión descriptiva de los principales estudios preclínicos de candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria, basados en subunidades, parásitos atenuados y vacunas multi-estadio, multi-epitope, que se han realizado para evaluar inmunogenicidad y eficacia en modelo animal. Esta revisión se llevó a cabo a partir de la búsqueda de literatura en bases de datos electrónicas especializadas en investigación científica. Se encontraron 118 documentos, de los cuales se seleccionaron 91 y se excluyeron 17 por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión, para un total de 74 referencias analizadas. Resultados. Muchos candidatos a vacuna contra la malaria causada por Plasmodium falciparum han reportado resultados prometedores contra cepas homologas, sin embargo, ante el reto con cepas heterólogas la eficacia disminuye, por otra parte, la respuesta inmune y protectiva duradera continúa siendo un objetivo clave, convirtiéndose en una prioridad. Conclusiones. Los estudios preclínicos en modelo animal son necesarios antes de avanzar a fases clínicas, la evaluación de inmunogenicidad y eficacia es un aspecto esencial para la evaluación de candidatos a vacuna.

Introduction. Malaria disease causes approximately 400,000 deaths by year, especially in children under 5 years, the search for an effective and safe vaccine, remains to be a challenge for researchers, however before starting the clinical phase studies, preclinical trials in animal models should provide safety and immunogenicity results that lead to effective protective responses. Objective. To review the main characteristics of the immune response and efficacy in pre-clinical studies of candidates for vaccine against malaria by Plasmodium falciparum. Methods. A descriptive review of the main preclinical studies of malaria vaccine candidates, based on subunits, attenuated parasites and multi-stage, multi-epitope vaccines, which have been carried out to evaluate immunogenicity and efficacy, is presented. This review was carried out based on the search of literature in electronic databases specialized in scientific research. 118 documents were found, of which 91 were selected and 17 were excluded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria, for a total of 74 references analyzed. Results. Many candidates for malaria vaccine caused by Plasmodium falciparum have reported promising results against homologous strains, however, given the challenge with heterologous strains, efficacy decreases, on the other hand, the lasting immune and protective response continues to be a key objective, becoming a priority. Conclusions. Preclinical studies in animal models are necessary before advancing to clinical phases, the evaluation of immunogenicity and efficacy is an essential aspect for the evaluation of vaccine candidates.

Introdução: A malária é uma doença que causa aproximadamente 400.000 óbitos por ano, principalmente em crianças menores de 5 anos, a procura por uma vacina eficaz e segura, continua sendo um desafio para os pesquisadores, porém, antes de iniciar os estudos de fase clínica, os testes pré-clínicos no modelo animal devem fornecer resultados de segurança e imunogenicidade que levam a respostas efetivas de proteção. Objetivo: Verificar as principais características da resposta imune e eficácia em estudos pré-clínicos de candidatos à vacina contra a malária por Plasmodium falciparum. Métodos: Revisão descritiva dos principais estudos pré-clínicos de candidatos à vacina contra a malária, com base em subunidades, parasitas atenuados e vacinas de vários estágios e multiepítopo, que foram realizadas para avaliar a imunogenicidade e eficácia em modelos animais. Esta revisão foi realizada com base na pesquisa de literatura em bases de dados eletrônicas especializadas em pesquisa científica. Foram encontrados 118 documentos, dos quais 91 foram selecionados e 17 foram excluídos por não atenderem aos critérios de inclusão, para um total de 74 referências analisadas. Resultados: Muitos candidatos à vacina contra a malária causada por Plasmodium falciparum relataram resultados promissores contra cepas homólogas, no entanto, diante do desafio com cepas heterólogas a eficácia diminui, por outro lado, a resposta imune e protetora duradoura continua sendo um objetivo fundamental, tornando-se uma prioridade. Conclusões: Estudos pré-clínicos em modelo animal são necessários antes de passar para as fases clínicas, a avaliação da imunogenicidade e eficácia é um aspecto essencial para a avaliação dos candidatos a vacina.